This study was intended to reveal the translation techniques used by the Indonesian translator in translating the novel and how they result in the equivalence of the humor. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone contains some humor and insults. As a single player within an international network of Syro-Lebanese women writers, Karam’s foundational feminist fiction reveals early constructions of a cosmopolitan female subjectivity, offering a radical vision of global sisterhood that transcends geographic, political, and religious boundaries. Such attention also reveals the transnational character of nahḍa literary culture, as readers and writers scattered across four continents interacted in the textual “spaces” of the rapidly expanding print culture in the Arabic-speaking world. A discussion of Karam’s novel, Fāṭima al-Badawiyya (Fatima the Bedouin), published in New York City in 1909, explores the author’s engagement with gender politics within a hybridized cultural space. Born in Mount Lebanon, Karam became a novelist, journalist, and translator in the North American mahjar (Arab diaspora). This article focuses on the Arabic fiction of ‘Afīfa Karam (1883-1924), a neglected contributor to the nahḍa, or the Arabic cultural renaissance of the mid- to late-19th and early 20th centuries. This article investigates which and how feminist agenda and issues are reflected in Ba'albakī's writings. By addressing feminism throughout Ba'albakī's fiction, this article hopes to contribute to a fuller understanding of Lebanese women writers of 1950s and 1960s. Ba'albakī is a significant and fascinating figure within modern feminist Lebanese writing and strongly deserves to be studied more closely. Her writings raised the taboo topic of female sexuality, and constituted a revolutionary attack against the patriarchal culture, values, and institutions. Her attempt to improve the lives of Arab women and her opposition to patriarchy had made her a target. At her trial in 1964, Ba'albakī became a scapegoat for all the feminist women writers in the Middle East. To date, most scholars have only repeated commonly held views about her and her fiction. In not paying sufficient attention to Ba'albakī, the field has failed to appreciate the distinctly feminist dimension of her work. This is not the case, however, for Laylá Ba'albakī, whom the field has failed to address in any substantive manner. A number of Lebanese women writers of the period of 1950s and 1960s have received considerable attention by scholars.
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